Applications of biology for the welfare of mankind

        The science of biology has been helping mankind in a number of ways,some of which are following:

CHEMOTHERAPY:-

    CHEMO------Chemical or drugs

    THERAPY---Treatment

Definition:-

         It is the treatment of cancer or other disease with drugs that can destroy cancer cells and cure disease.

Working of Chemotherapy:-

       Normal cells grow and die in a controlled manner.When cancer occurs,cells in the body that are not normal keep dividing and forming more cells without control.Anticancer drugs destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying.

Side effects of chemotherapy:-

       Due to regular use of anticancer drugs,the surrounding healthy cells are also damaged,which is known as side effect of chemotherapy.

CLONING:-

     The process in which individual or population of genetical identicals are produced without fertilization.

Types of cloning:-

1. DNA Cloning:-

       It is a technology used to produce duplicate copy of DNA fragment in BACTERIAL cell.

2.Embryo Cloning:-

     It is a technology used to produce animal embryo from stem cell and not to create a whole organism.

3.Reproductive Cloning:-

    It is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another.

Example:-

       Dolly (a sheep) in 1997,was created by reproductive cloning.The steps of the process are:

1.Somatic cells taken from the under cells (mammary gland cell) of a finn Dorest ewe.

2.An unfertilized egg cell taken from blackface ewe and the nucleus was removed from it.

3.The two cells (somatic cell + unfertilized cell) are fuse by an electric pulse,and then place it in the uterus (womb) of blackface ewe.

4.After a period,the pregnant blackface ewe gives birth to a baby sheep,just like "finn dorest ewe",whose name is "dolly".

IMMUNIZATION:-

       The process used to develop immunity is known as immunization.

Immunity:-

       The ability of the body,which resist against the disease is known as immunity.

Vaccine:-

        The harmless substance which is prepared from microbes and that stimulate the immunity system to create defence against the actual pathogens.

Vaccination:-

      "Immunization with vaccines is called vaccination".

Types of vaccination:-

1.Lived vaccines:-

         "These vaccines are obtained from living modified microbes".

   It stimulate the immunity system of organism,which develop antibodies against the actual pathogens.

   They usually required in a single dose and are more effective than the killed vaccines.

2.Killed vaccines:-

        "These vaccines are prepared from organisms (microbes), that have been killed by heat or chemicals".

   These vaccines contain chemical substances which stimulate the immunity system of organisms.

   They are usually more safe, but less effective and required in many dose.

HYDROPONICS:-

    Hyrdo---------water

    ponics---------culture.

Definition:-

   "The cultivation of plants in soilless substance or water,through which solution of essential dissolved inorganic nutrients is pumped"

Example:-

  Plants like tomato,spinach and cucumber etc are grown in water culture.

Importance:-

1.Due to it disease resistant and better varieties of plants can grow.

2.Such plants require limited nutrition.

3.The plants grown on this method are mostly used for research purposes.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:-

Definition:-

   "The control of pests with the help of living organisms instead of chemicals (pesticides) is called biological control".

Importance:-

1.It is very easy method.
2.They have no side effect.
3.It is not harmful for environment and health.
4.they donot cause any kind of pollution.

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What is Biological Method

                                 Biological method

Definition:-

"The method adopted by biologist <Scientists> to find the solution of a problem."

The following steps are followed by a biologist to solve a biological problem.

Step 1. OBSERVATION:-

To search the root cause of a problem,scientists collect data by observation.

   Observation is performed with the help of 

   1.Human sences.

   2.Scientific instruments.

Step 2. HYPOTHESIS:-

It is a scientific statement of a scientist based on this observations.

   It may be true or false.

Step 3. DEDUCTION:-

It is the possible conclusion (result) derived from the hypothesis.

  It is based on observation and hypothesis.

Step 4. EXPERIMENT:-

After deduction and experiments are conducted by scientists to test hypothesis and deduction.

   Experiments include control group and experimental group.

Step 5. CONCLUSION(RESULT):-

The data collected from the experiments is known as result.

   It shows that whether hypothesis is true or false.

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What is Phyletic lineage?

                                 Phyletic lineage

Definition:-

The sequence of arrangement of species from ancestors to the descendant through evolution is called phyletic lineage.

Importance:-

1:-It provides a connecting link between the present day organisms and their remote past ancestors.

2:-It shows the unbroken series of species arrangement.

3:-It also throw light on the evolution of organisms.

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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGENIZITION

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION:-  

 

ATOMS:-

All elements are composed of small particles called atoms. There is only one type of atom in each type of element.

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES:-

Atoms are further divided into tiny particles called subatomic particles. Althrough there are a number of sub atomic particles, but the most important and stable of these are
*Protons
*Neutrons and
*Electrons

MOLECULES:-

When two or more atoms of same elements or different elements are bounded together, they form a structure called molecules.

ORGANELLES:-

Various compound or molecules join together to form definite structure with definite functions called organelles e.g- Lipids and proteins join to form membrane.

CELL:-

Different and enormous molecules, compound and organelles arranged themselves and are bounded by membrane to form cell.

TISSUES:-

Similar cells combine together to form tissues in multicellular organisms e.g-  Muscle And nerve tissue.

ORGANS:-

The related tissue in a particular manner join together to form organs e.g- Lungs,Heart,Heat,Xylem and Phloem.

ORGAN SYSTEM:-

The different organs coordinate in their function and constitute a system which perform a perticular function e.g- blood vescular system which is composed of heart,vessels and blood

ORGANISM:-

Different organ system collectively form a whole body called organisms e.g- circulatory,respiratory,digestive,excretory,reproductive and nervous system join together to form an organism.

 SPECIES:-

A group of similar organisms that can interbreed freely in nature and produce fertile offspring is called specie.

POPULATION:-

A group of organisms of the same specie living together in the same area and sharing the same resources.

COMMUNITY:-

A group of different population living together in the same area and sharing the same resources.

ECO SYSTEM:-

A community together<interacts> with its non living environment <i.e soil,air,water.>

BIOSPHERE:-

The part of earth inhabited by living organisms including both living and non living components.
 
 

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Definition of Biology

BIOLOGY-MEANING  

BIO---------LIFE

LOGOS----STUDY 

 

Definition.                     

The Study of living things is called biology.

Main Branches.

Biology is divided into two main branches. 1)BOTANY:- " The branch of biology which deals with the study of plants ".        2)ZOOLOGY:-"The branch of biology which deals with the study of animals". As we are familiar with different branches of biology *MICROBIOLOGY *ECOLOGY *ANATOMY *GENETICS *PHYSIOLOGY *HISTOLOGY *PALEONTOLOGY *EVOLUTION etc.

MICROBIOLOGY:-

The branch of biology, which deals with the study of microorganisms e.g- Bacteria,fungi,virus,algae etc.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:-

The branch of biology,  which deals with the study of molecules, that are present in the cell of living organisms e.g- proteins,lipids,carbohydrates etc.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:-

The branch of biology which deals with the applications of organisms, biological process for the benefits of human beings.

MARINE BIOLOGY:- 

The branch of biology which deals with the marine organisms, as well as hte physical and chemical characteristics of their enviroment.

FRESH WATER BIOLOGY:-

The branch of biology, which deals with the organisms in fresh water,as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of their environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY:-

The branch of biology, which deals with the study of living organisms, in relation to their environment.<Soil, Temp, Air, light, water etc>

PARASITOLOGY:-

The branch of biology which deals with the study of parasites, its relationship, life history and mode of transmission.

HUMAN BIOLOGY:-  

The branch of biology, which deals with the study of Human Anatomy, physiology, evolution, health and inheritance.

SOCIAL BIOLOGY:-

The branch of biology, which deals with the study of populations and communities of plants and animals and their interaction and their interaction with each other.

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